What is spinal canal stenosis?
Spinal canal stenosis is the narrowing of the spinal canal, the space through which the spinal cord and nerve roots pass. This narrowing can put pressure on the nerve structures, causing pain, weakness, and other neurological symptoms. Stenosis most commonly develops as a result of degenerative changes in the spine that occur with aging, but it can also be caused by congenital anomalies, injuries, or inflammatory processes.
The condition can worsen over time, reducing the patient’s mobility and quality of life. Depending on the degree of narrowing and nerve compression, symptoms can range from mild discomfort to severe neurological disorders.
Types of spinal canal stenosis
Spinal canal stenosis can occur in different parts of the spine and is classified according to its location as follows:
Cervical stenosis (neck region)
Occurs in the cervical segment of the spine and can cause pain, numbness, and weakness in the arms, shoulders, and neck.
In more severe cases, it can affect balance and movement coordination.
Lumbar stenosis (lower back)
The most common type of stenosis, occurring in the lumbar part of the spine.
Symptoms include lower back pain, weakness and numbness in the legs, as well as walking difficulties.
It can lead to neurogenic claudication — a feeling of fatigue and pain in the legs after prolonged walking.
Thoracic stenosis (mid-back)
A rare occurrence, as the thoracic spine is less mobile and more stable.
It can cause pain and weakness in the upper back and chest area.
Stenosis can be central (narrowing of the main spinal canal) or foraminal (narrowing of the openings through which the nerve roots exit). Regardless of the type, timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent more serious complications.
Causes and risk factors for spinal canal stenosis
Spinal canal stenosis can develop as a result of various factors that affect the structure and function of the spine. In most cases, this condition is associated with degenerative changes that occur with aging, but it can also result from injuries, congenital factors, and inflammatory processes.
Degenerative changes and aging of the spine
The most common cause of spinal canal stenosis is degenerative changes that develop over a lifetime. With age, the cartilage and intervertebral discs wear down, which can lead to:
Thickening of ligaments – The ligaments inside the spinal canal can become thicker and less elastic, further reducing the space through which the nerves pass.
Formation of osteophytes (bone spurs) – As a response to degeneration, the body forms bony outgrowths that can press on nerve structures.
Decreased height of intervertebral discs – When discs lose fluid and elasticity, the space between the vertebrae narrows, which can lead to nerve compression.
Spondylolisthesis – The slippage of one vertebra over another can contribute to narrowing of the spinal canal.
Injuries and previous spinal surgeries
Spinal injuries, such as fractures, dislocations, or ligament damage, can cause changes that lead to stenosis. Additionally, spinal surgeries (e.g., for a herniated disc or spondylolisthesis) can result in the formation of scar tissue, which may further narrow the spinal canal and compress nerve structures.
Genetic predisposition and congenital anomalies
In some individuals, the spinal canal is naturally narrower than in others, increasing the risk of developing stenosis even before degenerative changes occur. Congenital deformities, such as scoliosis or congenital spinal stenosis, can also contribute to this condition.
Inflammatory processes and other spinal diseases
Certain inflammatory diseases and systemic conditions can cause inflammation and swelling of tissues within the spinal canal, leading to its narrowing. Some of the most common causes include:
Rheumatoid arthritis – Can cause inflammation of the joints and ligaments, contributing to canal narrowing.
Ankylosing spondylitis – A chronic inflammatory condition that causes stiffening of the spine and can lead to stenosis.
Tumors or cysts – Abnormal masses within the spinal canal can press on nerve structures and contribute to the development of stenosis symptoms.
Symptoms and consequences of spinal canal stenosis
Spinal canal stenosis can cause a range of symptoms that vary depending on the severity of the condition and the location of the narrowing. Most often, symptoms develop gradually and may be mild in the early stages, but as the condition progresses, they become more pronounced and can significantly affect quality of life.
Back pain and stiffness
One of the most common symptoms of spinal canal stenosis is back pain, which typically worsens when standing or walking and is relieved by bending forward (such as sitting or walking with a forward lean). The pain can be sharp or dull and is often accompanied by stiffness or tightness in the spine area. Initially, the pain may come and go, but as the condition advances, it can become a constant issue.
Weakness and numbness in the limbs
If left untreated, the narrowing of the spinal canal can compress the nerve roots, leading to weakness and numbness in the arms or legs. This sensation may affect only one limb or both. Numbness, also called paresthesia, can feel like “pins and needles” or tingling. Weakness in the limbs can make everyday activities such as climbing stairs, walking, or holding objects more difficult.
Walking and balance problems
Due to nerve compression, many people with spinal canal stenosis experience walking difficulties. This condition can cause instability and loss of balance, so patients may notice that they walk unsteadily, especially on uneven surfaces. In severe cases, balance can be so impaired that a person becomes more prone to falls, which can lead to additional injuries.
Bladder and bowel dysfunction (in severe cases)
In extreme cases, when spinal canal stenosis is very severe and causes significant compression of the spinal nerves, serious bladder and bowel dysfunction can occur. These issues may include:
Uncontrolled urination or inability to urinate
Problems with bowel movements
Loss of bladder or bowel control
These symptoms, known as cauda equina syndrome, are considered a medical emergency that requires immediate intervention because it can lead to permanent neurological damage if not treated promptly.
Treatment of spinal canal stenosis at Fizio Center In Locco
At Fizio i Estetik Center In Locco, the treatment of spinal canal stenosis is based on an individual approach to each patient, with a comprehensive therapy plan tailored to the client’s specific needs and condition. Our team of experts applies various physiotherapy techniques, manual therapy, electrotherapy, and exercises to relieve symptoms, improve functionality, and help patients return to daily activities.
Individual approach and therapy plan
Every treatment at our center begins with a detailed assessment of the patient’s condition. The physiotherapist determines specific symptoms, the severity of stenosis, and creates a personalized treatment plan. This plan includes a combination of physiotherapy treatments, manual techniques, and exercises to achieve optimal recovery. Since spinal canal stenosis is often associated with degenerative changes, the treatment focuses on pain reduction, improving mobility, and stabilizing the spine.
Physical therapy is key in the recovery from spinal stenosis
Electrotherapy: Electrotherapy for spinal stenosis uses electrical impulses to reduce pain and relax muscles. It helps improve circulation and decrease tension in surrounding tissues, thereby reducing pressure on the nerves. This therapy can enhance functionality and mobility in patients with spinal stenosis.
Laser therapy: Laser therapy applies low-energy lasers that penetrate deep tissue layers, reducing pain and inflammation. The stimulation of cell regeneration and improved circulation aid in the recovery of damaged tissues in the spine area. This therapy can relieve symptoms of spinal stenosis, such as pain and stiffness.
Magnetotherapy: Magnetotherapy uses magnetic fields that penetrate the body, improving circulation and reducing pain and inflammation. This therapy is effective in reducing swelling around nerve structures, which can help alleviate spinal stenosis symptoms. It also promotes tissue regeneration, speeding up recovery.
Ultrasound therapy: Ultrasound therapy uses sound waves that penetrate deep into tissues, reducing pain and inflammation in spinal stenosis. It helps improve circulation, facilitating nutrient transport and toxin removal from damaged tissues. It also contributes to decreased stiffness and improved mobility.
Therapeutic Shockwave: Shockwave therapy uses acoustic waves to stimulate the regeneration of damaged tissues and reduce pain in spinal stenosis. This therapy helps relax muscles and reduce inflammation, improving circulation in the spine area. It can also accelerate the healing process of damaged spinal structures, reducing nerve pressure and completely removing osteophytes along the spine.
Physiotherapy treatments and manual therapy
Physiotherapy treatments include various techniques that can help reduce pain and alleviate symptoms of stenosis. Manual therapy is one of the key elements of our treatment, involving techniques such as massage, joint mobilization, spinal manipulation, and muscle stretching. These techniques improve circulation, reduce muscle and joint tension, and decrease pressure on the nerve roots. Manual therapy aims to improve spinal flexibility and mobility, thereby reducing pain and enhancing functionality.
Kinesiotherapy and exercises to improve mobility
Kinesiotherapy is one of the most important treatments for spinal canal stenosis, as it includes various exercises to improve spinal mobility and strengthen the back and core muscles. Exercises are carefully selected to stabilize the spine, improve flexibility, and increase the strength of muscles that support the spine. These exercises, which include stretching, balance, and stability training, help reduce pain and prevent further spinal degeneration.
Exercises include:
Strengthening of back and core muscles to support proper posture and reduce pressure on the spine.
Stretching of muscles and ligaments to increase spinal flexibility and reduce stiffness.
Exercises to improve balance and stability, enabling patients to return to normal activities with a lower risk of falls and injuries.
Treatment of spinal canal stenosis at Fizio i Estetik Center In Locco focuses on an individual approach and a combination of therapies to achieve the best possible outcome for each patient. Alongside physiotherapy treatments, manual therapy, physical therapies, and kinesiotherapy, our patients receive a comprehensive recovery plan that helps reduce symptoms, improve mobility, and prevent further spinal problems.
If you have any questions or wish to schedule an appointment, feel free to contact us, and our experts will assist you at every step of your recovery.
Exercises to relieve symptoms of spinal canal stenosis
Exercises play an important role in the treatment of spinal canal stenosis, as they can significantly relieve pain, improve mobility, and stabilize the spine. Through carefully planned physical activities, patients can reduce pressure on the nerve roots, enhance flexibility, and strengthen the muscles that support the spine.
Stretching and spinal mobilization exercises
One of the main goals of exercises for spinal canal stenosis is to improve spinal flexibility and reduce tension in the surrounding muscles. Stretching helps release muscles and ligaments that support the spine, which can reduce pain and stiffness.
Lower back stretch:
Lie on your back and pull your knees toward your chest. Hold this position for 15-30 seconds, then relax. This exercise improves flexibility in the lumbar spine.
Thoracic stretch:
Sit with your back straight, place your hands behind your head, and try to lower your elbows toward the floor while keeping your spine in a neutral position. This movement helps release tension in the upper back and thoracic spine.
Spinal mobilization is another important aspect of rehabilitation. Using gentle movements under controlled conditions, such as with the help of a stability ball or specialized tools, spinal joint movement can be improved and nerve compression reduced.
Strengthening the back and abdominal muscles
Strong back and abdominal muscles play a key role in stabilizing the spine. Strengthening these muscles helps reduce pressure on the discs and nerve roots, while also supporting proper spinal posture.
Glute bridge:
Lie on your back, bend your knees, and lift your hips toward the ceiling, tightening the muscles of the lower back and abdomen. Hold this position for a few seconds, then slowly lower your hips. This exercise strengthens the back and gluteal muscles, reducing pressure on the spine.
Plank:
Getting accustomed to the plank position helps strengthen the entire core, including the lower back and abdominal muscles. Start by holding the position for 20-30 seconds, gradually increasing the time to build stronger muscles that support the spine.
Exercises that strengthen the abdominal muscles also help maintain spinal balance and stability, reducing the risk of further injury. Recommended exercises include rotational crunches, which engage both the core and back muscles.
Spine stabilization through functional training
Functional training includes exercises that help improve coordination, balance, and control of spinal movements, enhancing the body’s ability to adapt to various motions and loads. Stabilizing the spine through these exercises reduces tension and allows proper movement guidance in daily activities.
Balance exercises (balance board):
Use a balance board to practice stability, activating the deep muscles of the back and core. These exercises help improve balance and spinal stability.
Stability ball exercises:
Sit on a stability ball and start balancing using your core and arms. This exercise activates all the core and back muscles, increasing spinal stability and reducing the risk of injury.
Prevention of stenosis and maintaining spinal health
Prevention of spinal canal stenosis and maintaining spinal health are essential for preventing degenerative changes and reducing the risk of pain and complications. Focused efforts on maintaining proper posture, physical activity, and a healthy lifestyle can significantly contribute to spinal health and reduce stress on the back.
Recommendations for proper posture and ergonomics
Proper posture plays a key role in preventing stenosis and other spinal problems. Poor posture, especially when sitting or lifting heavy objects, can create unnecessary pressure on the spine, which over time leads to degenerative changes.
Upright posture: When standing, try to keep your spine in its natural, upright alignment. Your body weight should be evenly distributed on both legs.
Ergonomically correct sitting: When sitting, make sure your back is straight with support for the lower back. Use a chair that supports your spine and keep your feet flat on the floor at a right angle (90 degrees).
Proper lifting of heavy objects: When lifting, use the strength of your legs, not your back. Keep the load close to your body and avoid bending your back. This reduces the strain on the lumbar spine.
Tips for physical activity and lifestyle
Regular physical activity is an important factor for spinal health. Exercises help maintain the strength and flexibility of muscles supporting the spine, reducing the risk of injury and degeneration.
Core strengthening exercises: Activities that strengthen the abdominal, back, and lower body muscles help stabilize the spine. Recommended exercises include plank, glute bridge, stretching, and ball exercises.
Aerobic activities: Walking, swimming, and cycling improve circulation and joint health, which can reduce pain and stiffness associated with spinal canal stenosis.
Flexibility: Stretching and yoga improve spinal and surrounding muscle flexibility, reducing tension and increasing mobility.
How to prevent further degenerative changes?
Degenerative changes in the spine, which can lead to stenosis, usually develop with age but can be slowed down with appropriate measures.
Healthy diet: A balanced diet rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants contributes to the health of bones and joints. Adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D is important for strengthening bones, while omega-3 fatty acids can reduce inflammatory processes in the body.
Weight management: Excess weight puts additional pressure on the spine, especially the lower back. Maintaining a healthy body weight can reduce spinal stress and prevent the progression of degenerative changes.
Regular spinal health monitoring: If you have a history of spinal problems, regularly consult with specialists and monitor your spinal condition. This way, early symptoms of stenosis can be identified and necessary steps taken to prevent further complications.