What is kyphosis?
Kyphosis of the spine is a condition characterized by an increased curvature of the upper (thoracic) part of the spine, which can lead to a hunched posture and back pain. While a mild curvature of the spine is natural and necessary for proper distribution of the body’s weight, when this curvature becomes excessive, it can cause various health problems, including pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.
Kyphosis can occur at any age, but it is most common in adolescents and older adults. In younger individuals, it is often the result of poor posture and improper habits, while in older people it may be caused by degenerative spinal changes, osteoporosis, or injuries.
Physiology and Morphology of Kyphosis
All people have a natural kyphotic curvature in the thoracic part of the spine, ranging between 20 and 45 degrees. This curvature is essential for maintaining body balance and allows normal functioning of the spinal column. When the curvature exceeds 45 degrees, it is considered pathological kyphosis and can cause various symptoms and complications.
There are three main types of abnormal kyphosis:
Postural kyphosis – The most common form, caused by poor posture. It mainly occurs in teenagers and can be corrected with exercises and posture correction.
Scheuermann’s kyphosis – A structural disorder that usually develops during adolescence. This type of kyphosis cannot be fully corrected by changing posture and requires specialized therapies.
Kyphotic deformity due to disease or injury – Can result from osteoporosis, spinal fractures, degenerative diseases, or congenital anomalies.
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Causes of Kyphosis
Kyphosis can develop for various reasons, and some of the main causes include degenerative changes in the spine, injuries, poor posture, as well as congenital and genetic factors. Understanding these causes is crucial for the proper approach to prevention and treatment of this condition.
Degenerative changes in the spine
Degenerative changes in the spine most often occur with aging and can contribute to the development of kyphosis. These changes include:
Osteoporosis – Weakening of the bones can cause compression fractures of the vertebrae, leading to an increased curvature of the spine. Osteoporotic kyphosis is especially common in older women.
Intervertebral disc degeneration – The discs between the vertebrae serve as cushions that absorb pressure. Over time, these discs wear down and lose height, which can contribute to the forward tilting of the spine.
Spondylosis – Chronic degenerative changes in the spine that may include the formation of bone spurs (osteophytes), stiffness, and pain, which can worsen the kyphotic deformity.
Arthritis – Inflammatory changes in the spinal joints can lead to reduced flexibility and increased curvature of the spine.
Injuries and poor posture
Injuries and improper habits during life can contribute to the development of spinal kyphosis, with some of the most common factors including:
Vertebral fractures – Traumatic injuries, such as falls or car accidents, can cause spinal fractures that later lead to a kyphotic posture.
Poor posture – Prolonged slouching, especially during childhood and adolescence, can cause postural kyphosis. This type of kyphosis is often reversible if corrected early with proper exercises and conscious posture maintenance.
Carrying heavy bags or backpacks – Especially in children and teenagers, carrying overly heavy school bags can contribute to poor posture and the development of kyphosis.
Weak back and abdominal muscles – These muscles play a key role in maintaining proper posture. When weakened, there is a higher risk of kyphosis development due to insufficient spinal support.
Congenital and genetic factors
In some cases, kyphosis may be present from birth or associated with genetic predispositions.
Congenital kyphosis – Birth defects of the spine caused by improper development of the vertebrae during fetal growth. This type of kyphosis often requires medical intervention in early childhood.
Genetic predisposition – If there is a family history of spinal problems, there is a greater likelihood that descendants will develop kyphotic deformities, especially if additional risk factors such as poor posture or physical inactivity are present.
Neuromuscular disorders – Conditions such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, and spina bifida can cause muscle weakness and spinal deformities, including kyphotic changes.
Symptoms of Kyphosis
Kyphosis of the spine can manifest through various symptoms that depend on the degree of spinal curvature, underlying causes, and individual factors. Some patients may experience mild symptoms, while others may have more pronounced issues that significantly affect their quality of life. Below are detailed explanations of the most common symptoms of kyphosis.
Back Pain and Stiffness
Back pain is one of the most common symptoms of kyphosis and can vary in intensity—from mild discomfort to severe pain that interferes with daily activities. This pain is most often caused by:
Increased load on vertebrae and muscles – Due to the increased spinal curvature, certain parts of the back become overloaded, causing pain and discomfort.
Muscle tension and spasms – The back muscles often try to compensate for the abnormal posture, leading to increased stiffness and painful cramps.
Pressure on nerve structures – In severe cases of kyphosis, nerve compression can occur, causing numbness and tingling sensations in the back or even limbs.
In older individuals suffering from osteoporotic kyphosis, pain can be more intense due to compression fractures of the vertebrae. Conversely, in younger patients with postural kyphosis, pain usually occurs after prolonged sitting or standing and can be relieved with corrective exercises.
Changes in Posture and Body Appearance
One of the most visible symptoms of kyphosis is a change in body posture. These changes may include:
Hunched posture – The back is bent forward, with shoulders often rounded forward.
Forward head and neck – As a compensation for the spinal curve, the head may be pushed forward, further worsening posture.
Improper weight distribution – Kyphosis can affect walking and balance, increasing the risk of falls, especially in older adults.
Body asymmetry – In more severe cases, noticeable asymmetry of the shoulders or shoulder blades may appear.
In adolescents, changes in body aesthetics can impact self-confidence and emotional well-being, especially if kyphosis is visible through clothing or creates feelings of insecurity in social situations.
Difficulty Breathing and Fatigue
In severe cases of kyphosis, particularly with pronounced thoracic kyphosis (curvature in the chest area), breathing problems and general exhaustion may develop. This happens due to the following reasons:
Pressure on the lungs – Significant spinal curvature can reduce the space in the chest cavity, making it difficult for the lungs to fully expand during breathing.
Reduced lung capacity – People with pronounced kyphosis may find it hard to take deep breaths or may become easily short of breath, especially during physical activity.
Chronic fatigue – Oxygen deficiency due to impaired breathing can lead to chronic tiredness, low energy, and decreased physical endurance.
In the most severe cases, kyphosis can even affect heart function, as the deformity may increase pressure on the chest and hinder circulation.
Treatment of kyphosis with professional therapies
Treatment of kyphosis depends on the degree of spinal curvature, the cause, and the symptoms the patient experiences. With timely intervention and appropriate treatments, it is possible to reduce pain, improve posture, and prevent further progression of the deformity. At the In Locco Physio and Aesthetic Center, proven methods are applied, including specialized exercises, manual therapies, and orthopedic aids, all aimed at achieving optimal spinal health.
Therapeutic approaches in the treatment of spinal kyphosis
Physical therapy
At the Physical and Aesthetic Center In Locco, patients have access to various methods that help reduce pain and improve mobility.
Electrotherapy at Fizio In Locco: Electrotherapy can help relax back muscles that are often tense due to improper posture and the hunched position seen in kyphosis. Muscle stimulation can contribute to pain reduction, improved posture, and restoring normal muscle tone.
Magnetotherapy at Fizio In Locco: Magnetic fields can improve circulation and microcirculation in the tissues around the spine, which can help reduce inflammation and back pain. Increased circulation can aid tissue repair and reduce symptoms associated with kyphosis.
Therapeutic ultrasound at Fizio In Locco: Ultrasound therapy can help reduce pain and inflammation in the spine area, as well as improve circulation. Better circulation enables improved nourishment and regeneration of tissues, which is beneficial for people with kyphosis who often experience stiffness and pain due to improper spinal alignment.
Shockwave therapy at Fizio In Locco: Shockwave therapy can be used to reduce pain and stimulate the regeneration of damaged tissues. In cases of kyphosis, shockwave therapy may help reduce back pain, stimulate circulation, and accelerate muscle and tissue regeneration around the spine.
Laser therapy at Fizio In Locco: Laser therapy can assist in reducing pain and inflammation around the spine, speeding up tissue regeneration. Low-intensity light can help relieve muscle tension in the back, which is common in individuals with kyphosis, and it may also improve flexibility and mobility.
How Fizio In Locco Center Helps in Kyphosis Prevention
Prevention of spinal kyphosis involves regular physical activity, correcting posture, and adopting healthy lifestyle habits. At the Fizio and Esthetic Center In Locco, patients are educated about the importance of proper body posture and ergonomics in daily life, while therapists assist in learning the correct techniques for exercising and stretching.
Exercises for proper posture and strengthening back muscles are key to preventing kyphosis development.
Proper ergonomics at the workplace and during daily activities reduce the risk of improper spinal strain.
A healthy lifestyle, including balanced nutrition and regular physical activity, contributes to long-term spinal health.
The expert team at Fizio and Esthetic In Locco Center provides comprehensive support to patients—from diagnostics and therapy to education on prevention—to ensure lasting improvement in health and quality of life.
Prevention of spinal kyphosis
Spinal kyphosis can be caused by various factors, including degenerative changes, poor posture, injuries, and genetic predispositions. While some causes cannot be completely prevented, there are numerous strategies that can significantly reduce the risk of developing or progressing kyphosis. Prevention is based on regular exercise, proper ergonomics, and a healthy lifestyle.
Exercises for proper posture and strengthening back muscles
Proper posture and a strong muscular system are key factors in preventing spinal kyphosis. Exercises focused on strengthening the back, shoulder, and abdominal muscles can help maintain correct posture and prevent excessive spinal curvature.
Best exercises for kyphosis prevention:
Back extension exercises – Target strengthening the muscles along the spine to improve support and stability.
Example:
Lie on your stomach, place your hands behind your head, and lift your upper body off the ground (the so-called “Superman” exercise).
Perform in sets of 10-15 repetitions.
Chest muscle stretches – Help open the chest and reduce a hunched posture.
Example:
Place your hands on a wall at a 90-degree angle and gently lean forward until you feel a stretch in your chest area.
Hold for 20-30 seconds and repeat 3 times.
Core strengthening exercises – Help maintain spinal stability and proper posture.
Example:
Plank – support yourself on your forearms and toes, keeping your body in a straight line for 20-60 seconds.
This exercise strengthens the deep back and abdominal muscles that support the spine.
Resistance band exercises – Allow strengthening of back muscles through controlled movements.
Example:
Pull a resistance band backward while keeping elbows bent at a right angle, squeezing the shoulder blades toward the spine.
Recommendation:
Perform these exercises at least 3-4 times per week to achieve long-term benefits.
ergonomics tips for everyday life
Ergonomics plays a key role in preventing kyphosis, especially for people who spend a lot of time sitting or working in non-optimal positions.
Tips for proper sitting and posture:
✔ Correct desk and chair height – The chair should support the lower back, and the computer screen should be at eye level to prevent leaning the head forward.
✔ Feet should be flat on the floor – If legs are elevated or dangling, it leads to improper spinal alignment.
✔ Adjust the chair backrest – It is recommended that the backrest be slightly reclined (about 100-110 degrees) to provide optimal spine support.
✔ 20-20-20 rule for screen use – Every 20 minutes of looking at a screen, shift your gaze to an object 20 feet (about 6 meters) away for 20 seconds to reduce neck and back strain.
✔ Posture while walking – Shoulders should be relaxed, chin parallel to the ground, and abdomen slightly engaged to maintain proper posture.
✔ Proper lifting technique – When lifting objects from the floor, use your legs instead of your back by bending the knees rather than bending at the waist.
Ergonomics in sleeping:
Mattress selection – A medium-firm or firm mattress provides the best spinal support.
Sleeping position – Best to sleep on your back or side with a pillow supporting the neck.
Avoid sleeping on the stomach – This position can cause extra pressure on the spine and worsen kyphotic posture.
Adjusting daily activities with proper ergonomic habits can significantly reduce the risk of developing kyphosis.
Proper nutrition and a healthy lifestyle
Besides exercise and ergonomics, healthy nutrition and overall lifestyle play a key role in preventing spine problems.
Nutritional recommendations for spine health:
Calcium and vitamin D – Essential for strengthening bones and preventing osteoporosis, which can contribute to kyphosis development.
Sources of calcium: dairy products, almonds, kale, sardines.
Sources of vitamin D: fish, eggs, sun exposure.Proteins – Help build and maintain muscle mass that supports the spine.
Best sources: lean meat, fish, eggs, legumes.Omega-3 fatty acids – Have anti-inflammatory effects and may reduce back pain.
Best sources: salmon, flaxseeds, walnuts.Hydration – Adequate water intake helps maintain elasticity of intervertebral discs.
Avoiding bad habits:
Smoking negatively affects bone density and can increase the risk of degenerative changes in the spine.
Excessive consumption of alcohol and carbonated drinks can reduce calcium absorption.
Healthy lifestyle:
Maintaining a healthy body weight – Excess weight puts additional pressure on the spine and can worsen kyphotic changes.
Stress reduction – Chronic stress can cause muscle tension and poor posture. Relaxation techniques like meditation, yoga, and deep breathing can help preserve back health.
Good sleep – Quality sleep allows regeneration of muscles and the spine, which is crucial for long-term back health.