What is fibromyalgia?
Fibromyalgia is a chronic syndrome characterized by long-lasting pain in the muscles and soft tissues, without a clear cause such as inflammation or injury. It is a complex condition that affects how the brain and nervous system process pain signals, leading to increased sensitivity to pain and other unpleasant sensations.
Although it is not classified as an autoimmune or inflammatory disease, fibromyalgia is often grouped among rheumatic disorders due to symptoms that include muscle pain, stiffness, and fatigue. People with fibromyalgia often experience problems with sleep, cognitive functions, and emotional well-being, which can further complicate daily life.
Symptoms of fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition that manifests through a wide range of symptoms, with the primary and most common being diffuse pain in muscles and soft tissues. However, besides pain, there are many other symptoms that significantly affect the quality of life of those affected. These symptoms can vary in intensity and duration and are often worsened by stress, physical exertion, or changes in weather.
Most common symptoms of fibromyalgia:
Chronic, diffuse pain:
The pain spreads throughout the body and most often affects muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
It can be described as burning, pulsating, stabbing, tingling, or dull pain.
It occurs symmetrically — on both sides of the body — and can migrate from one area to another.
Most commonly affects the neck, shoulders, back, hips, and legs.
Increases with prolonged rest but also after physical activity.
Pressure on certain tender points (trigger points) causes increased pain.Chronic fatigue and exhaustion:
Patients often feel exhausted even after a full night’s sleep.
Lack of energy significantly impacts daily activities.
Fatigue can be so severe it resembles chronic fatigue syndrome.
Physical and mental exhaustion can lead to reduced mobility and frequent need for rest.Sleep disturbances:
Problems with falling asleep and staying asleep are common.
Sleep is shallow and non-refreshing, contributing to chronic fatigue.
Patients often wake up tired and stiff.
Restless leg syndrome and sleep apnea can further worsen sleep quality.Cognitive problems (“fibro fog”):
Difficulties with concentration, memory, and decision-making.
Patients often feel mentally foggy.
Slower information processing and organizational problems.
Symptoms worsen during stress, fatigue, or after sleepless nights.Increased sensitivity to external factors:
Heightened reaction to noise, light, smells, and temperature changes.
Sensitivity to cold or humidity, which can cause increased pain and stiffness.
Increased skin sensitivity — clothing, touch, or pressure can cause discomfort.Mood disorders:
Fibromyalgia is often associated with depression and anxiety.
Patients may experience sudden emotional changes — irritability, sadness, or nervousness.
Lower tolerance for stress and heightened emotional reactivity.Headaches and migraines:
Frequent tension headaches that can develop into migraines.
Feeling of pressure in the head, neck, and shoulders.
Linked to muscle tension and stress.Digestive problems:
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) commonly accompanies fibromyalgia.
Bloating, gas, diarrhea, or constipation.
Frequent heartburn and digestive issues (GERD).Stiffness and tingling in limbs:
Morning stiffness lasting longer than an hour.
Tingling and prickling sensations in hands, legs, and feet.
May be related to poor circulation or nerve irritation.Balance and coordination problems:
Frequent clumsiness, loss of balance, and dizziness.
Reduced motor coordination, increasing the risk of falls.
Causes and Risk Factors of Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia is a complex syndrome, and although its exact cause is not fully understood, research suggests it results from a combination of genetic, neurological, hormonal, and psychological factors. This condition is not caused by muscle or joint damage but rather by a disorder in pain processing within the central nervous system.
Possible Causes of Fibromyalgia
Although there is no single definitive cause of fibromyalgia, scientists believe it arises from a complex interaction of various factors that together lead to chronic pain sensitivity.
Neurological disorders – central nervous system dysfunction
People with fibromyalgia have altered pain processing in the brain and spinal cord.
Studies show elevated levels of neurotransmitters responsible for pain (substance P) and reduced levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, which are important for pain inhibition.
As a result, the body overreacts to mild or even normal stimuli, explaining the sensation of chronic pain.Genetic predisposition
Fibromyalgia often occurs in multiple members of the same family, indicating a genetic component.
Research has identified certain genetic variations associated with the transmission of pain signals and neurotransmitter levels.
People with a family history of fibromyalgia have a higher risk of developing the syndrome.Physical or emotional stress as a trigger
Many patients report that fibromyalgia symptoms began after severe physical or emotional stress.
Physical injuries, surgeries, infections, or inflammatory processes can trigger nervous system dysfunction leading to heightened pain sensitivity.
Psychological stress, childhood trauma, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can contribute to fibromyalgia development, as stress affects hormones and brain function.Hormonal imbalance
People with fibromyalgia often have reduced levels of cortisol, serotonin, and dopamine.
These changes may explain symptoms such as fatigue, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances.
Growth hormone, essential for muscle and tissue repair, is frequently lowered in affected individuals.Autoimmune and inflammatory processes
Although fibromyalgia is not an autoimmune disease, some researchers believe inflammatory processes in the body may contribute to symptom development.
Increased immune system activity is often observed in people with fibromyalgia, which may contribute to chronic fatigue and pain.
Fibromyalgia often coexists with other autoimmune diseases, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis.
Who is more susceptible to fibromyalgia?
Although fibromyalgia can affect anyone, certain factors increase the risk of developing it.
Gender – women are more susceptible
Women are up to 7 times more likely to develop fibromyalgia compared to men.
This is partly explained by hormonal differences – estrogen affects pain thresholds, and its fluctuations can contribute to increased pain sensitivity.
Fibromyalgia often appears during menopause, when hormonal changes occur.
Age
Although fibromyalgia can develop at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed between ages 30 and 50.
Symptoms can worsen with age, especially if chronic stress and decreased physical activity are present.
Family history
People who have close relatives with fibromyalgia have a higher risk of developing the condition.
Genetic factors may play a role in pain sensitivity and sensory signal processing in the brain.
Stress and psychological factors
People frequently exposed to stress have a greater likelihood of developing fibromyalgia.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety are associated with a higher risk.
Long-term stress exhausts the nervous system and can cause heightened pain sensitivity.
Physical trauma and injuries
Spinal injuries, accidents, and surgeries can trigger fibromyalgia.
Trauma is believed to alter the way the brain processes pain, leading to chronic hypersensitivity.
Presence of other chronic diseases
People with rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, irritable bowel syndrome, or migraines have an increased risk of developing fibromyalgia.
These conditions are thought to contribute to nervous system dysfunction and heightened pain perception.
The Role of Physical Therapy in the Treatment of Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia is a chronic syndrome that significantly impacts patients’ quality of life, causing muscle pain, fatigue, and stiffness. Although there is no cure that completely eliminates fibromyalgia, physical therapy is one of the most effective approaches for alleviating symptoms and improving functionality.
Physical medicine helps patients reduce pain, improve mobility, and regain strength, thereby enabling a better quality of life without excessive reliance on medications.
How does physical therapy help with fibromyalgia?
Physical therapy focuses on pain reduction, increasing flexibility, muscle strengthening, and improving circulation. Therapeutic approaches are tailored individually depending on the severity of symptoms and any existing limitations.
Pain and stiffness reduction
Therapeutic exercises help relax muscles and reduce tension.
Gentle movements improve oxygen and nutrient flow to muscles, which lessens pain.
Techniques like mild massage, electrotherapy, and heat therapy can decrease discomfort and stiffness.
Improving mobility and flexibility
Fibromyalgia often causes joint and muscle stiffness, limiting daily activities.
Special stretches and movements help restore natural muscle elasticity and increase joint mobility.
Gentle forms of yoga and Pilates, supervised by a physical therapist, can enhance range of motion without causing additional pain.
Increasing muscle strength
Muscle weakness can worsen pain and poor posture, aggravating fibromyalgia symptoms.
Gradual exercise programs focused on light resistance and stabilization can improve muscle strength and stability.
It’s important to avoid overly intense exercises that might exacerbate symptoms.
Sleep regulation and fatigue reduction
Chronic fatigue is one of the toughest fibromyalgia symptoms.
Physical activity, adapted to the patient’s individual abilities, helps regulate circadian rhythms and improve sleep quality.
Light aerobic exercises like walking or water-based workouts have been shown to reduce fatigue and boost energy.
Improving circulation and reducing inflammation
Poor circulation may contribute to stiffness and heaviness in muscles.
Techniques such as hydrotherapy, electrotherapy, and manual massage enhance blood flow and help eliminate toxins from the body.
Heat therapy (warm compresses, paraffin baths) relaxes muscles and reduces inflammation.
The most effective physical therapy methods for fibromyalgia
Physiotherapists at the In Locco Physio and Aesthetic Center use a combination of various techniques to achieve optimal results in treating fibromyalgia.
Therapeutic Exercises
Light aerobic exercises such as walking, cycling, or swimming improve strength and endurance.
Stretching and flexibility exercises increase mobility and reduce stiffness.
Strength exercises with minimal resistance help strengthen muscles without overloading.
Hydrotherapy – Exercising in Water
Warm water relaxes muscles and reduces pressure on joints.
Gentle movements in water allow pain-free exercise and increase flexibility.
Hydrotherapy is especially beneficial for people with significant pain and limited mobility.
Massage and Manual Therapy
Gentle massage improves circulation and reduces muscle tension.
Manual therapy can help release muscle knots and improve mobility.
Deep tissue massage is generally avoided as it may worsen symptoms in fibromyalgia patients.
Kinesiotherapy
This method involves controlled movements and exercises performed under physiotherapist supervision.
The goal is to strengthen muscles, improve coordination, and reduce pain.
Heat and Cold Therapy
Heat therapy (warm packs, paraffin, infrared therapy) helps relax muscles and reduce pain.
Cold therapy is used to reduce inflammation and swelling in muscles and joints.
Electrotherapy
Electrotherapy uses electrical impulses to stimulate muscles and nerves, helping reduce pain, relax muscles, and improve circulation. For fibromyalgia, electrotherapy can reduce pain and tension while improving mobility.
Shockwave Therapy
This therapy uses high-energy sound waves to stimulate tissues, which can help reduce pain and improve circulation. For fibromyalgia, shockwave therapy may relieve muscle tension and ease muscle and joint pain.
Ultrasound Therapy
Ultrasound waves penetrate deep into tissues, improving circulation and reducing inflammation. For fibromyalgia, ultrasound therapy can help decrease pain and stiffness while relaxing muscles.
Magnetotherapy
Magnetotherapy uses magnetic fields to improve circulation and reduce inflammation, helping alleviate pain. For fibromyalgia, magnetotherapy can reduce pain and improve muscle and joint function.
Laser Therapy
Laser therapy uses low-energy laser light to stimulate tissues and reduce pain. In treating fibromyalgia, laser therapy can help reduce inflammation, pain, and improve mobility.
Chiropractic Care
Chiropractic techniques involve spinal and joint manipulation to improve muscle and nerve function. For fibromyalgia, chiropractic care can help reduce pain, improve posture, and relax muscles.
Hijama (Cupping Therapy)
Hijama is a traditional therapy that uses suction and bloodletting to improve circulation and reduce pain. For fibromyalgia, hijama can help decrease muscle tension, alleviate pain, and improve overall well-being.
Massage and Shockwave Therapy
Fibromyalgia is a chronic disease characterized by widespread pain, tension, and fatigue. Although there is no specific cure for this condition, massage is one of the most effective ways to relieve fibromyalgia symptoms, especially in reducing pain and relaxing tense muscles. Massage not only helps decrease physical pain but can also have positive effects on mental health by promoting relaxation and reducing stress.
How do massage and shockwave therapy help with fibromyalgia?
Massage and shockwave therapy affect various aspects of fibromyalgia, including pain reduction, improved circulation, increased mobility, and stress relief. Different massage techniques can be helpful in alleviating fibromyalgia symptoms by stimulating the nervous system, relaxing muscles, and promoting circulation, which together reduce pain and tension.
Pain Reduction
Massage helps reduce fibromyalgia pain in several ways. One key effect is the stimulation of pleasant sensory signals in the body that block or lessen painful signals traveling to the brain.
Additionally, massage helps relax tense muscles, reducing muscle pain and stiffness, which are common symptoms of fibromyalgia.
Massage also improves blood flow to painful areas, enhancing tissue nutrition and speeding up the removal of toxins from muscles.
Muscle Relaxation and Tension Reduction
People with fibromyalgia often have muscles in a state of constant tension, which can cause pain and stiffness. Massage reduces muscle and joint tension, helping them relax.
Several massage techniques are used for muscle relaxation, including Swedish massage, which uses long, smooth strokes, and deep tissue massage, which targets tight muscles and releases chronic pain points.
Improved Circulation and Nutrient Transport
Massage enhances blood flow in muscles and other tissues, which helps speed the delivery of nutrients and the elimination of waste products from the body.
This process helps reduce inflammation and accelerates muscle recovery, which can be especially beneficial for fibromyalgia patients suffering from chronic pain and tension.
Stress Reduction and Emotional Well-being
Stress and anxiety often accompany fibromyalgia, as pain can negatively impact the emotional and mental health of patients. Massage has a calming effect on the nervous system and can help lower stress and tension levels.
Massage stimulates the production of “happy hormones” like serotonin and endorphins, which improve mood and reduce pain perception.
Relaxation during massage can also ease anxiety, helping patients better cope with the stress caused by their condition.
Chiropractic Care and Fibromyalgia
Chiropractic is a therapeutic discipline that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal system problems, especially those related to the spine and joints. Since fibromyalgia causes chronic pain, muscle tension, and joint involvement, chiropractic treatments can be very helpful in improving the condition of patients suffering from this disorder. Chiropractors use manual techniques, including manipulation of the spine and other joints, to improve mobility, reduce pain, and restore the body’s functionality.
How does chiropractic help with fibromyalgia?
Fibromyalgia affects the entire muscular system and is often associated with pain in the back, joints, and muscles, as well as postural health issues. Chiropractic treatments focus on addressing these problems and can provide significant relief from symptoms.
Reduction of muscle pain and tension
Chiropractors use spinal manipulation and specific massage techniques aimed at reducing muscle and joint tension. Fibromyalgia often causes muscle pain and stiffness, and these techniques can greatly alleviate those symptoms.
Through manual adjustments of the spine and joints, chiropractors can improve blood and lymphatic flow, which helps reduce inflammation in the body and relax the muscles.
Improvement of postural health
People with fibromyalgia often experience problems with posture and body alignment, which can contribute to additional pain and discomfort. Chiropractors can identify and treat spinal irregularities such as misalignments or joint problems that may be caused or worsened by fibromyalgia.
Correcting these issues helps reduce back pain and muscle tension, making daily activities easier for patients.
Increased mobility and flexibility
Fibromyalgia patients frequently suffer from reduced flexibility, which can make movement and performing basic tasks difficult. Chiropractic treatments can improve spinal and joint mobility, allowing patients to move with less pain and a greater range of motion.
Manipulations and tailored exercises can help increase muscle flexibility, decrease stiffness, and restore function.
Stress reduction and overall wellbeing improvement
Chiropractic treatments often lead to decreased stress and tension, which can positively impact mental health. Fibromyalgia is frequently accompanied by anxiety and depression, and the relaxation following chiropractic care can reduce psychological stress and improve mood.
Chiropractors may use techniques that affect the nervous system, lowering stress levels and balancing hormonal processes, which is crucial for people suffering from fibromyalgia.
Chiropractic as a Complement to Traditional Fibromyalgia Treatment
Chiropractic treatments are often used as a complement to other therapies and treatments for fibromyalgia, such as physical therapy, medications, and alternative treatments. Chiropractic care does not replace medical therapy but can significantly contribute to symptom relief and improve the quality of life for people with fibromyalgia.
The holistic approach to fibromyalgia treatment at the Fizio and Estetik Center In Locco offers a comprehensive way to enhance patients’ quality of life. Our team of experts provides integrated therapeutic methods that enable symptom relief, increased mobility, stress reduction, and improved mental health. Focusing on natural therapies, personalized treatments, and education, our holistic approach helps patients achieve lasting results in fibromyalgia management and regain control over their health and life.